Which drug is commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity?

Metformin is a key medication used in the management of type 2 diabetes primarily due to its ability to increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, such as muscle and fat. It enhances the effectiveness of insulin, which allows for better glucose uptake and utilization by cells, leading to improved blood sugar control. Additionally, metformin promotes weight loss or weight stability, which is beneficial for many patients with type 2 diabetes, especially those who are overweight.

This drug also works by decreasing hepatic glucose production, particularly by reducing gluconeogenesis in the liver, further contributing to its blood sugar-lowering effects. Metformin does not cause insulin secretion from the pancreas, which reduces the risk of hypoglycemia compared to other antidiabetic medications that stimulate insulin production.

Other medications mentioned, such as sitagliptin, glipizide, and insulin, have different mechanisms of action. Sitagliptin increases incretin levels, which helps regulate insulin and lowers glucagon secretion but is primarily considered a DPP-4 inhibitor rather than a direct insulin sensitizer. Glipizide, a sulfonylurea, stimulates insulin release from the pancreas, which does not primarily improve insulin sensitivity. Insulin itself is a hormone that directly lowers blood glucose levels by