What is a potential side effect of using glucocorticoids long-term?

Long-term use of glucocorticoids is known to carry the risk of developing osteoporosis. This occurs because glucocorticoids can interfere with bone remodeling processes, leading to decreased bone formation and increased bone resorption. The suppression of osteoblast function (the cells responsible for bone formation) plays a significant role in this effect. Additionally, glucocorticoids can also affect calcium absorption and metabolism, further contributing to bone density loss.

While the other potential side effects from the other options listed could occur under different circumstances or medications, they are not as closely associated with long-term glucocorticoid use. For example, hyperkalemia is typically not linked to glucocorticoids; in fact, they may cause hypokalemia instead. Diabetes mellitus can exacerbate but is more likely a direct effect of glucocorticoids on glucose metabolism rather than a principal concern as osteoporosis is. Hypotension can be influenced by glucocorticoid use but is generally less relevant compared to the significant risk of osteoporosis. Thus, osteoporosis stands out as a major and well-documented side effect associated with prolonged glucocorticoid therapy.